They enjoyed political influence during post-Diệm regimes of Saigon. Originally concerned only with religious autonomy, the Hòa Hảo struggled against the French, the Japanese, the Việt Minh, again the French, the newly independent South Vietnam, the Việt Cộng, and the North Vietnamese Army. They made temporary alliances with past enemies. The Hòa Hảo sought to preserve their religious identity and independence. Only in 1999 were they officially recognized by the state, but the government imposes harsh controls on dissenting Hòa Hảo groups that do not follow the state-sanctioned branch. Disbanded by the new government, the Hòa Hảo were oppressed and struggled for rights following the war. They then led a campaign against Việt Cộng for the defense of their home provinces during the Vietnam War, becoming a major autonomous political force in South Vietnam until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. They controlled various southern and western regions of South Vietnam at the time of Diệm's death in 1963. After 1954, the Hòa Hảo initiated armed opposition to President Ngô Đình Diệm's American-backed government. ![]() Nevertheless, the Hòa Hảo, along with other religio-political organizations, dominated the political and social scene of Southern Vietnam by the 1950s, claiming a stake in the formation of a non-communist South Vietnam. The Hòa Hảo led a war against the Communists, being labelled as the "strongest anti-Việt Minh element in the country". Sổ's death led to factionalism, parochialism, and outside organizational influence. Many Hoahaoists hailed him as a Messianic figure who would arrive in a time of crisis. Sổ was kidnapped and executed by the Việt Minh while coming back from an unsuccessful conference to resolve issues with the Communists. ĭuring the First Indochina War, disagreements with other major factions made the Hòa Hảo an aggressive religio-political-military cult. The Hòa Hảo remained an autonomous force in Vietnamese politics after the war, opposing both French colonialists and the Việt Minh movement. It transformed into a militant and nationalist religion, and rapidly developed into a private army that operated mainly for the benefit of its leaders, while setting up its own virtually autonomous government in the region. Hòa Hảo flourished under the Japanese occupation of World War II, with its adherents largely being peasants, tenants, and agricultural workers. It was, along with Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh and another religious movement known as Cao Đài, one of the first groups to engage in military conflict with colonial powers, first the French and then the Japanese. The influence of colonial overlords, the growing intensity of war from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s, and the attendant ideological conflicts all shaped the inception and later development of Hòa Hảo. Regular Hòa Hảo rites are limited to four prayers a day, while the devotees are to maintain the Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues. It also advocates that each devotee can have direct communion with the Buddha, and that inner faith is more important than external rites. ![]() ![]() Unlike orthodox Buddhism, Hòa Hảo eschews elaborate rituals and temples, maintains no monastic order, and teaches home practice. Coming from the remote edges of Southern Vietnam, it opposes urban life and prefers a communitarian lifestyle. Hòa Hảo is an amalgam of Buddhism, ancestor worship, animistic rites, elements of Confucian doctrine, and the White Lotus religion, transformed and adapted to the mores and customs of the peasants of the region. It reforms and revises the older Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương tradition of the region, and possesses quasi- millenarian elements. The religious philosophy of Hòa Hảo, which rose from the Miền Tây region of the Mekong Delta, is essentially Buddhist. It is one of the major religions of Vietnam with between one million and eight million adherents, mostly in the Mekong Delta. It was founded in 1939 by Huỳnh Phú Sổ (1920–1947), who is regarded as a saint by its devotees. ![]() It is described either as a syncretistic folk religion or as a sect of Buddhism. Hòa Hảo is a Vietnamese new religious movement.
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